Black, red and complicated

BERLIN — Across most countries in this year’s World Cup, the national flag is a natural way to support the home team.

In Germany, it’s… complicated.

There is plenty of excitement about the German team surging through Group E: One Berlin bakery chain is advertising slices of black, red and gold cake; shops are hawking tricolor plastic leis, noisemakers and face paint; fans gathering to watch the games don German team jerseys.

But as Germany takes the field against Ecuador today, what is less visible around the country is the black, red and gold of the German flag. That’s because, for the last eight decades, Germany has had a deeply complex relationship with its own national symbols and the concept of national pride.

After the Nazi defeat in World War II, expressions of national pride were taboo in Germany. Instead, the country’s postwar leaders promoted Verfassungspatriotismus, or constitutional patriotism: a sense of pride in postwar Germany’s commitment to democracy and the rule of law. By contrast, overt national pride was largely the remit of the far- and extreme right — so much so that a slogan from the neo-Nazi NPD party in the early 2000s, deeply controversial at the time, was Ich bin stolz, ein Deutscher zu sein (“I’m proud to be German”).

Then came the Sommermärchen (“summer fairy tale”) of 2006, when Germany hosted its first World Cup since unification and found itself uncommonly awash in black, red and gold. A German friend once quipped that, before that year, if you saw a house flying a German flag you knew the person living there was a neo-Nazi; afterwards; they could be a neo-Nazi or a soccer fan.

“2006 was a coming-out moment for Germany,” said Sudha David-Wilp, a Berlin-based vice president and senior fellow at the German Marshall Fund. “It allowed Germans to feel comfortable in their national skin and to unfurl their flag.”

That growing embrace of sports-related patriotism has been complicated in recent years by the rise of the far-right Alternative for Germany party, or AfD, which has co-opted the flag and favors jettisoning the country’s postwar memory culture to make way for vocal national pride. Its leaders have accused other political parties of being insufficiently patriotic, including during a recent dustup over whether AfD parliamentarians were allowed to let the German flag wave from the windows of their Bundestag offices during a far-right protest.

“The German flag plays a central role in the aesthetics of [the AfD’s] political communication,” said Johannes Hillje, a Berlin-based political consultant who tracks far- and extreme-right rhetoric in Germany. “Part of the AfD’s communication strategy is to reinterpret national symbols and general terms such as ‘homeland,’ ‘nation,’ and ‘patriotism’ in line with its far-right ideology.”

With the AfD leading in national polls, politicians from left-leaning parties have expressed unease with the overt symbolism of waving the German flag. The Left Party advertised a World Cup watch party with the tagline, “No flags, no nationalism, no stress!”

And Philipp Türmer, leader of the youth wing of the center-left Social Democrats, told Spiegel he would gladly wear a German jersey but couldn’t imagine himself waving the flag: “I’ve spent too much time in my life at counter-protests where the [fascists] on the other side of the police barricade decked themselves out in black, red and gold,” he said.

Both the shift toward expressing more national pride and the AfD’s strong association with it were apparent in polling among the German electorate. Sixty percent of German respondents surveyed for this month’s POLITICO Poll said they were very or somewhat proud to be German, compared with 32 percent who said they were not that proud or not at all proud. At the same time, just 30 percent said they owned a German flag and 24 percent said they had clothing with the German flag on it.

And asked to name the political party they most identify with someone saying they are proud of Germany, 35 percent named the AfD, more than twice the figure for any other party.

German captain Joshua Kimmich told Bild ahead of his team’s first match against Curaçao that he hoped the World Cup would be an opportunity to encourage a new kind of “positive patriotism” in Germany — one distinct from the version pushed by the far right.

“Our team can be a model for that,” he said. “If you look at our team, we already have many players with different backgrounds, different religions and from different parts of society. We want to be successful together.”